May, 2011 - Amines and Amides (Angelo)

Amines:
- Amines are functional groups that have a Nitrogen bonded to Hydrogens or Carbons
- In order to name this, name the carbon chain and add an -amine ending
- Primary Amines have one carbon chain
- Secondary Amines have two carbon chains
- Tertiary Amines have three carbon chains
- The most simple Amine is...

...Methylamine, also known as Aminomethane.


Amides:
- Amides are a functional group with CONO3
- In order to name this, name the carbon chain and add an -amide ending
- The most simple Amide is...

...Ethanamide.

May 5, 2011 - Esters (Angelo)

Esters:
- The functional group...
     O
     ||              |
-----C-----O-----C-----
                    |


...is called an Ester.


- One of the simplest Esters is Ethyl Methanoate.
        O            H     H
        ||             |       |
H-----C-----C-----C-----C-----H
                      |        |
                      H      H


Esterification:
- Esters are formed by the reaction of a Carboxylic Acid and an Alcohol.
        O                                                           O
        ||                                                            ||       
R-----C-----OH     +     OH-R     ----------->     R-----C-----OR     +     H2O


EXAMPLES:


1. Name the following Ester.
                                                                                                       O
                                                                                                       ||
CH3-----CH2-----CH2-----CH2-----CH2-----CH2-----CH2-----CH2-----O-----C-----CH3


Answer: Octyl Ethanoate


2. Name the following Ester.
                                   O
                                   ||
CH3-----CH2-----CH2-----CH2-----O-----CH2-----CH3


Answer: Ethyl Butanoate

Keytones - brian

- a keytone is a hydrocarbon chain with a double bonded oxygen that is not on either end
- follow standard naming rules and add -one to the parent chain

    

Propanone

Example: Draw the structural diagram for the following keytone

                                Heptanone             

Aldehyde's:- an aldehyde is a compound that has a double bonded oxygen at the end of a carbon
- the simplest aldehyde is a methanol (also called formaldehyde)
- follow the standard rules and change the parent chain ending to -al
- be careful when naming aldehyde's and alcohols

Example: draw the structural diagram for the following aldehyde
             
                

 

April 26, 2011 - Halides (Angelo)

Halides:
- Group 7 elements (Flurine, Chlorine, Bromine, Idodine) can bind to a hydrocarbon chain
- Naming follows standard rules with halides using floro-, chloro-, bromo- and iodo-

EXAMPLES:


1. Name the following compound.


Answer: 2 3 Dibromo Pentane

2. Draw the following compound: 1 Chloro 3 Iodo Propane
Answer:

April 26, 2011 - Alcohols (Angelo)

Alcohols:
- an alcohol is a hydrocarbon with a -OH bonded to it
- some naming rules apply but the parent chain ending with -ol
- The following compound is ethanol...


Multiple -OH:
- if a compound has more than one -OH group, number both and add -dio, -trio, et cetera.

EXAMPLES:


1. Name the following compound.


Answer: 1 Propanol

2. Name the following compound.
 

Answer: 1, 3 Propanediol

Alkenes & Alkynes (double & triple bonds)- brian

- carbon can form double & triple bonds with carbon atoms

- when multiple bonds form fewer hydrogen's are attached to the carbon atom

- naming rules are almost the same as with alkanes
-the position of the double/triple bonds always has the lowest number and is put in front of the parent chain

- double bonds(Alkenes) end in ENE

- triple bonds(Alkynes) end in YNE

Example:

Trans & Cis butene
- if two adjacent carbons are bonded by a double bond and have side chains on them two possible compounds are possible
 

          














Multiple double bonds
- more than one double bond can exist in a molecule

- use the same multipliers inside the parent chain

Example:

March 31,11 Polar Molecules

Polar Molecules:-Polar molecules have an overall charge separation
-Unsymmetrical molecules are usually polar
-Molecular dipoles are the result of unequal sharing of electrons in a molecule

Predicting Polarity:
-If a molecule is symmetrical the pull of e is usually balanced
-Molecules can be unsymmetrical in two ways
1)different atoms
2)different number of atoms

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKAjTE7B2x0